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Vocabulary Exercise: Jogging, Track, and Sprints vs. Marathons




Here at Ultimate Vocabulary we’ve been encouraging you to exercise your brain this week, and we’ve been talking about different workouts you might do when studying new vocabulary, whether it’s looking at context, identifying word roots, learning synonyms and antonyms, and identifying the differences between homophones and homonyms. We hope this has helped you set up a daily routine of vocabulary exercise. Whether you’re maintaining a healthy vocabulary with a bit of vocabulary study every day, or whether you’re in training for an important test like the GRE or SAT, the Ultimate Vocabulary program is designed to give you the support and the tools that you need.

Jogging Your Memory

It’s been proven that the more ways you study a word, the better able you’re able to remember it. When you’re learning a new word, using two or more of these study practices will increase your ability to recall and correctly use a vocabulary word:

  • read the word out loud
  • create sample sentences using the word
  • find words with similar meanings

One great way to get your mind moving is to use Ultimate Vocabulary’s Word Messenger function, which will send you pop-up messages with vocabulary words you’re studying, so that you can review them throughout the day. Create your own “pop-up” messages by posting notes around the house – on the mirror, the refrigerator door, the television – with words you want to focus on. These randomly-timed vocabulary exercises will keep your mind flexible.

Track Your Progress

The Ultimate Vocabulary program also allows you to track your progress by providing you with charts of your test scores and keeping track of the words that you’ve already learned. It’s important to remember that even slow progress is still forward movement, getting you closer to your goal. Recognizing and congratulating yourself on your improving vocabulary will keep you focused and positive.

Study Times: Sprints or Marathons?

As we mentioned above, even little one-minute “flash card” study sessions are useful. You might want to set aside a specific time each day (10-15 minutes) to focus on your vocabulary study – once you get into a routine, you’ll find it easier to continue. However, if you have an important test date coming up, think about planning a day or two of concentrated vocabulary study, particularly if you can study with friends. You and your friends can practice using words in conversation, quiz each other on words and meanings, and help each other find ways to remember particularly tricky words.

Be sure to take frequent breaks. If you know the approximate length of time you’ll be in the testing session, try studying for that length of time without a break, to get used to being focused on a test for that long.

Whatever your goal, daily vocabulary study will strengthen your mind and improve your conversational skills. Keep at it, and you’ll be a winner!

Vocabulary Exercise: Resistance Training




In a gym or health club, you might find resistance training machines that use pulleys and weights to give you a workout by adding a pull or a force in the opposite direction, forcing your muscles to work harder. In today’s vocabulary exercise, we’ll give you a workout by reviewing words that have opposite meanings: antonyms. The word antonym comes from the Greek ant(i)- meaning ‘against’ and onoma meaning ‘name.’ The opposite of antonym is synonym, referring to words that mean the same thing.

Many antonyms are obvious: good/bad, up/down, black/white, etc. But often you’ll have to look at the context of a word in the sentence to determine what the correct antonym would be. Think of the word present. What is its opposite? Your first answer might be past, as in this example:

The play is set in the present day, but if you don’t know the past history of the conflict in Northern Ireland, you won’t understand the importance of the color orange on the stage.

But what about this sentence?

All of the students were present for the graduation ceremony.

In this case, the antonym for ‘present’ is absent. The SAT and GRE tests have a section devoted to synonyms and antonyms, and learning how to identify antonyms is a useful skill. Here are some of the more difficult words and their antonyms that frequently appear on these tests, along with examples of how the words might be used:

mendacious (lying) / truthful

Example: George’s mendacious statements about his co-workers led one of them to be fired, even though that employee was completely truthful when explaining the situation to the manager.

germane (relevant) / irrelevant

Example: The moderator tried to keep the discussion focused on topics that were germane to the issue, but Andrew continued to bring up irrelevant points and argue about them.

impecunious (poor) / affluent (rich)

Example: When she was growing up, her family was impecunious and often had to borrow money from friends; now that she has become successful and affluent, she always tries to help others in need.

deterrent (a preventive force) / incentive (a motivating force)

Example: An arsenal of nuclear weapons was once thought to be a deterrent against international conflict, but its seems instead to be an incentive for many other countries to develop their own nuclear armament.

proximity (nearness) / remoteness

Example: Helen enjoyed the remoteness of the mountain cabin, but its proximity to the Air Force training grounds meant that she was still bothered by the noise of airplanes.

judicious (careful) / imprudent (careless)

Example: The chef’s judicious use of subtle spices was not appreciated by George, who salted his food with an imprudent hand before even tasting it.

Judicious use of your time in vocabulary study will keep your brain in shape! Come back tomorrow for our wrap-up of this week’s word exercises.

Vocabulary Exercise: Swimming Laps




In the last post, we talked about homonyms – words that are spelled and pronounced the same, but which have different meanings. Today’s exercise is on homophones – words that are pronounced the same way, but are spelled differently. In this exercise we’ll look at some of the homophones that can cause confusion.

laps/lapse

Here’s an example of a word pair that differs by only one letter. Laps is the plural of lap, which is the term for a length or distance, often used as a measurement in an athletic exercise or sporting competition. A lapse is a cessation, or stopping, of some activity that had been ongoing.

Example: While I was sick, I let my training regimen lapse for a few weeks, but now I’m back to swimming 20 laps every morning.

heroin/heroine

Here’s another example where a single letter makes a world of difference. Heroin is a highly addictive illegal drug that is produced from opium poppies. Amazingly, it was marketed and sold by the Bayer pharmaceutical company as a cough suppressant in the early 1900s. Heroine is the female form of the word hero, meaning a champion, someone of great courage and strength. The heroine or hero of a story is usually the central character, one who triumphs in the end.

Example: That actress became famous as the heroine in a long-running television series, but after she started using heroin, she was unable to get any other acting roles.

assistants/assistance

Technically, there’s a difference in the pronunciation of these words, as the “ts” sound at the end of assistants should be distinguished from the “s” sound at the end of assistance, but as a general rule most English speakers will pronounce these words in the same way. Assistants are helpers; assistance is the help they give.

Example: Even with these three assistants, I still need more assistance with the wedding preparations.

stationary/stationery

This word pair is one that even native English speakers have to think about before remembering the correct spelling. Stationary means immobile, not moving, or staying in one place. The second word might not be as commonly used any more, in this day of e-mails and text messages – stationery is paper used for writing letters or other correspondence. Many stores still sell stationery sets of colored and/or decorated paper boxed up with matching envelopes.

Example: While the train was stationary, I took the opportunity to write a short thank-you note on the stationery that my grandmother gave me for Christmas.

We encourage you to take every opportunity to study vocabulary and to practice by making up sentences using words you’ve learned. Plain paper will do – you don’t need to use your fancy stationery for your vocabulary review.

Vocabulary Exercise: Weight Lifting




We’re giving your brain a good workout this week with exercise tips on how to effectively study vocabulary. One of the things about the English vocabulary that confuses non-native (and many native!) speakers is the multitude of words that are spelled the same and are pronounced in the same way, but which have two or more meanings, depending on the context in which they are used.

These words are called “homonyms” (from the Greek homos meaning ‘the same’ and onoma meaning ‘name’). In linguistics, the words may also be classified as “polysemes” (from the Greek poly meaning ‘many’ and seme meaning ‘sign’) depending on whether the meanings are related (homonyms) or completely different (polysemes). In general usage, however, they’re merely referred to as homonyms.

The following examples of homonyms all relate to weights and measurements, at least in one sense, though their alternate usages may have nothing in common.

pound = a unit of weight (noun)
Sarah went to the grocer’s to buy a pound of coffee beans.

pound = a unit of British currency (noun)
She kept a single pound coin as a keepsake of her visit to London.

pound = to strike hard and repeatedly (verb)
Mark picked up the mallet and prepared to pound the stake into the ground.

pound = to beat or throb (verb)
Watching action movies always makes my heart pound harder.

foot = a unit of measurement (noun)
Deli sandwiches such as the hero, hoagie, and sub are often over a foot long.

foot = the appendage at the end of a leg (noun)
Carol broke a bone in her foot when she kicked the door.

foot = the bottom end of something (noun)
My cat likes to sleep at the foot of the bed.

foot = to pay for (verb)
Order whatever you like – my boss promised to foot the bill for this dinner.

inch = a unit of measurement (noun)
Yesterday an inch of rain fell in less than an hour, and many streets were flooded.

inch = to move very slowly (verb)
She spent three hours inching up in the line for the customer service window, but when she got there, the cashier went on his afternoon break.

yard = a unit of measurement (noun)
Michael bought three yards of fabric to use as a backing on his quilt.

yard = an enclosed area attached to one or more buildings (noun)
The inmates get at least an hour of exercise each day in the prison yard.

Keep a list of the homonyms you encounter for study and review, and you’ll quickly be able to measure your progress in improving and expanding your English vocabulary.

Vocabulary Exercise: Circuit Training




This week we’re looking at exercises you can do when you’re trying to figure out the definition of a word you’ve never seen before. Chances are you’ll have seen part of the word elsewhere, such as a prefix (un- or pre- or super-, for example) or a suffix (-ation, -ology, -ize) that will help you target the word’s meaning. Another useful exercise is to identify the root of the word, and compare it to other words using that same root for which you know the definition.

In a circuit, you are going around and around. The word circuit comes from the roots circum (around) and ire (to go). Something or someone that is circuitous does not go straight to the heart of the matter or to the goal, but instead goes around and around the long way.

Example 1: On Sunday we made a circuit of all of the wineries in Napa Valley.

Example 2: After all the wine-tasting sessions, we got lost and ended up driving back on a circuitous path along back roads and bypasses.

The root circum appears in many other words that have the general meaning of “going around” or “circling.” Here are a few more examples:

circumference
Definition: the perimeter or edge all around a circle or other self-contained area
Example: The rancher set up a new fence at the circumference of the pasture to keep the cows from straying.

circumscribe
Definition: (literal) to draw a line around, (metaphorical) to contain or restrict
Example 1: The surveyor uses a piece of chalk on a string to circumscribe the area where the hole for the pillar will be excavated.
Example 2: Charles is on probation at school and because his activities have been circumscribed he’s no longer able to go on day trips with the other students.

circumnavigate
Definition: to travel around, especially when traveling by ship
Example: Early explorers such as Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus dreamed of circumnavigating the globe.

Don’t be circumspect (going carefully around, avoiding) in your vocabulary study – jump right in and start looking at words from the inside out.

Vocabulary Exercise: Working on Your Abs




Like any self-improvement regimen, vocabulary study takes effort. Some people find this effort easier when they’re studying alone, and others prefer the support of a group and the direction of a leader. When you exercise, do you go jogging by yourself in the park, or do you like to join an aerobics class? Pick the study method that works best for you – but remember that success will take daily workouts, either way. This week we’re going to look at different exercises you can do to define, learn, and use new vocabulary words.

You won’t always have a dictionary handy when you’re faced with a word you’ve never seen before, but there are ways to figure out what the word means: by looking at the word in the context of the sentence, by identifying a suffix or prefix that gives a clue to the meaning, and by using the root of the word to get a general sense of the definition.

Knowing how to identify word roots will help you quickly classify any new word into a category of meaning. For example, the Latin root ab- or abs- has the general meaning of “away.” Once you know this, you can tell that a word beginning with ab- or abs- will often have the general meaning of “away from _______.” Here are some examples:

abstain = abs (away) + tenere (to hold), “to hold away, keep from holding”
Definition: to keep from doing something, to hold oneself apart from something
Example: During her pregnancy, she abstained from drinking coffee or alcohol.

abrasion = ab (away) + radere (to scrape), “to scrape away”
Definition: a scraping action or friction, or the result of that action
Example: The land underneath glaciers is flattened out due to the abrasion from the rocks caught in the ice.

abscond = abs (away) + condere (to store, conceal), “to hide away”
Definition: to hide or conceal something, or to hide or withdraw oneself, to steal away
Example: As soon as the week’s deposits were made, the bank teller planned to abscond with the contents of the safe.

abdicate = ab (away) + dicare (to dedicate, proclaim), “to proclaim away, to un-dedicate”
Definition: to give up, renounce, or withdraw from high office, or from a responsibility
Example: England’s Edward VII abdicated the throne in 1936 to marry the American Wallis Simpson.

Don’t abstain from daily practice! Come back tomorrow for more word exercises.

GRE Essential Vocabulary: Quiz Answers




The liaison to the president is always urbane and impeccably dressed.

Most scientists now agree that the rise in the average temperature of the oceans is a harbinger of long-term and possibly permanent climate change in the near future.

When it is discovered that this teacher had once been convicted of drunk driving, the parents and the school administration will ostracize him, even though he’s one of the best teachers in the district and is a great favorite of the students.

The American folk artist named Grandma Moses began painting when she was in her 70s, and reached the zenith of her career at the age of 90.

Because Ellen had never been invited to join the manager’s lunch table before, she was very circumspect in her conversation at first.

The senator insisted he never supported the new legislation, but his mendacity was quickly made apparent when news reporters compared videotapes of his speeches from last year with his current statements.

When Charles Lindbergh completed his solo transatlantic flight in May 1927, he was cheered on by people from both Europe and America, and received accolades from officials in New York City and Paris.

Her whimsical mannerisms are usually charming, but not entirely appropriate at a more solemn occasion, such as the dedication of the new chapel.

Though Peter’s quest to provide laptop computers to children in Bangladesh seemed quixotic at first, but he got funding from major philanthropic organizations, and he now runs a nonprofit company that sends used laptops to children all over the world.

Athletes in contact sports such as rugby, basketball, and hockey often have a reputation for being bellicose both on and off the field of play.

Although the jocund figure of Santa Claus handing out presents at Christmas is a familiar one in many countries, the original St. Nicholas was the patron saint of sailors.

After Japan’s 200 years of near-total isolation from the rest of the world between the early 1600s and the mid-1800s, it wasn’t surprising that there would be a bit of xenophobia in the general population, along with a curiosity about other cultures.

Margaret is generally very frugal, but she will splurge on a dinner at an elegant restaurant to celebrate a special occasion.

Putting electronic marquee billboards up on Ludgate Hill would desecrate the area around St. Paul’s Cathedral, and the City of London would never agree to doing so.

Some atheists were brought up in strict fundamentalist families, but repudiate their teachings and turn to science and philosophy to learn to understand the world.

James was very lucky to get such an erudite scholar as his mentor during his first year at university; she was able to answer all of his questions, and with her help he was able to complete two years’ worth of classes in only eighteen months.

When you start working for a print publication such as a newspaper or magazine, you’re quickly discouraged from writing overly verbose articles, in the interest of saving space and keeping the reader’s attention.

I think it’s a good thing for a bus driver to be friendly with the passengers, but this morning the driver on my bus was so garrulous that we couldn’t hear the route announcements, and I missed my stop.

There are several new “green energy” project in development that are designed to harness the kinetic energy of the ocean’s waves and tides.

Anna was too impetuous when she volunteered to run the charity food program, and didn’t realize how much time it would take each week.

Our families counsel us to wait until we graduate, but we yearn to get married soon, and plan on a simple civil ceremony over the summer holiday.

She’s such an outgoing person that it’s easy to overlook her more timorous sister.

I was confused by the difference between the use of subjunctive and conditional verbs in French, but Mme. Balland’s lucid explanations made it easy to understand.

Professor Jones is so pedantic that he takes a full mark off an answer on a test if there is even one error in spelling.

The natural gas used to heat homes does not have any odor, so the utilities add a compound to give it a noxious smell to help people discover any leaks in their gas lines.

Candidates for the novitiate must pass stringent tests to ensure that they are truly dedicated to a life of prayer and service before taking their vows.

How did you score? Review these words and create practice sentences of your own to help you remember them. We’ll have more tips for vocabulary study in the future. Do you have tips to share, or questions about this quiz? Leave a comment and we’ll be happy to help.

GRE Essential Vocabulary: QUIZ




We’ve been reviewing words that often appear in the vocabulary testing section of the GRE, and today we’re giving you an opportunity to test yourself and see if you can use these words correctly. Each word appears once in the following sentences. Print this page, fill in the blanks, and check back tomorrow for the answers.

garrulous accolade timorous kinetic
frugal bellicose mendacity circumspect
zenith urbane quixotic desecrate
whimsical repudiate erudite harbinger
yearn ostracize jocund xenophobia
impetuous verbose stringent pedantic
lucid noxious    

The liaison to the president is always ____________________ and impeccably dressed.

Most scientists now agree that the rise in the average temperature of the oceans is a ____________________ of long-term and possibly permanent climate change in the near future.

When it is discovered that this teacher had once been convicted of drunk driving, the parents and the school administration will ____________________ him, even though he’s one of the best teachers in the district and is a great favorite of the students.

The American folk artist named Grandma Moses began painting when she was in her 70s, and reached the ____________________ of her career at the age of 90.

Because Ellen had never been invited to join the manager’s lunch table before, she was very ____________________ in her conversation at first.

The senator insisted he never supported the new legislation, but his ____________________ was quickly made apparent when news reporters compared videotapes of his speeches from last year with his current statements.

When Charles Lindbergh completed his solo transatlantic flight in May 1927, he was cheered on by people from both Europe and America, and received ____________________ from officials in New York City and Paris.

Her ____________________ mannerisms are usually charming, but not entirely appropriate at a more solemn occasion, such as the dedication of the new chapel.

Though Peter’s quest to provide laptop computers to children in Bangladesh seemed ____________________ at first, but he got funding from major philanthropic organizations, and he now runs a nonprofit company that sends used laptops to children all over the world.

Athletes in contact sports such as rugby, basketball, and hockey often have a reputation for being ____________________ both on and off the field of play.

Although the ____________________ figure of Santa Claus handing out presents at Christmas is a familiar one in many countries, the original St. Nicholas was the patron saint of sailors.

After Japan’s 200 years of near-total isolation from the rest of the world between the early 1600s and the mid-1800s, it wasn’t surprising that there would be a bit of ____________________ in the general population, along with a curiosity about other cultures.

Margaret is generally very ____________________, but she will splurge on a dinner at an elegant restaurant to celebrate a special occasion.

Putting electronic marquee billboards up on Ludgate Hill would ____________________ the area around St. Paul’s Cathedral, and the City of London would never agree to doing so.

Some atheists were brought up in strict fundamentalist families, but ____________________ their teachings and turn to science and philosophy to learn to understand the world.

James was very lucky to get such an ____________________ scholar as his mentor during his first year at university; she was able to answer all of his questions, and with her help he was able to complete two years’ worth of classes in only eighteen months.

When you start working for a print publication such as a newspaper or magazine, you’re quickly discouraged from writing overly ____________________ articles, in the interest of saving space and keeping the reader’s attention.

I think it’s a good thing for a bus driver to be friendly with the passengers, but this morning the driver on my bus was so ____________________ that we couldn’t hear the route announcements, and I missed my stop.

There are several new “green energy” project in development that are designed to harness the ____________________ energy of the ocean’s waves and tides.

Anna was too ____________________ when she volunteered to run the charity food program, and didn’t realize how much time it would take each week.

Our families counsel us to wait until we graduate, but we ____________________ to get married soon, and plan on a simple civil ceremony over the summer holiday.

She’s such an outgoing person that it’s easy to overlook her more ____________________ sister.

I was confused by the difference between the use of subjunctive and conditional verbs in French, but Mme. Balland’s ____________________ explanations made it easy to understand.

Professor Jones is so ____________________ that he takes a full mark off an answer on a test if there is even one error in spelling.

The natural gas used to heat homes does not have any odor, so the utilities add a compound to give it a ____________________ smell to help people discover any leaks in their gas lines.

Candidates for the novitiate must pass ____________________ tests to ensure that they are truly dedicated to a life of prayer and service before taking their vows.

Strange New Words for Your GRE Review




Whether you’re a native speaker of English or a polyglot who’s applying for admission to a graduate school in another country, there will undoubtedly be some strange new words in the list of recommended vocabulary to study for the GRE. One of the tips in studying new words is to see if there are parts of the words – a root, a suffix, or a prefix – that will give you clues about what the words might mean. The first word we’re going to look at today has two roots, and knowing what they mean will lead you straight to the definition of the word.

Can you define xenophobia? Have you ever seen this word? If not, we expect that at least the second part of the word might be familiar to you: phobia. Do you know anyone who has a phobia about spiders (arachnophobia) or heights (acrophobia) or open spaces (agoraphobia)? A phobia is a fear. This word comes from the Greek word phobos, or fear. Therefore, the word xenophobia means fear of – something. What does xeno- mean? This root comes from the Greek word xenos, meaning “foreign.” The word xenophobia, then, means “fear of [the] foreign.” In general, this word refers to fear of strangers, particularly those who come from different countries or ethnicities.

Example: The radical right-wing political parties in many countries attract supporters whose xenophobia makes them eager to believe that immigrants are a threat to their jobs and families.

The United States is a country that was settled by immigrants from around the world – who, regrettably, killed most of the Native American residents who had been there for several thousand years already. In any event, the image of the US as a country that is the promised land for “huddled masses yearning to breathe free” (according to the inscription at the base of the Statue of Liberty) has been around for many generations. Even today, there are many people who yearn to escape oppressive political situations, corrupt military regimes, poverty, disease, and drought, and make a new start in another country. To yearn means to long for, or to desire something or someone.

Example: Even though Angela has a comfortable home in London, she still yearns for a villa in the Italian countryside.

Having the wealth to afford a vacation home can seem like the absolute pinnacle of success to many people. The word zenith means pinnacle: the highest point, the peak, the absolute top. If you’re speaking of something measured in terms of time, it’s the culmination of that timeline. You’ll also hear the word used in astronomy: the zenith is the point directly above any particular location on Earth, from the perspective of someone standing on the ground looking straight overhead.

Example: Investment in internet startups during the dot-com craze reached its zenith in the late 1990s, when a new business was going public every few days.

We’ve reviewed words from A to Z in this GED vocabulary series. Come back tomorrow and take the quiz – don’t be timorous! We know you’re erudite, and we’ll shower you with accolades when you’ve successfully completed the test.

GRE Vocabulary Review: Playing With Words




The more words you know, the more easily you’ll be able to hold conversations on any topic. Learning these vocabulary words will give you the ability to choose exactly the right word to use on any occasion. In many cases, it’s important to be clear and precise in your speech, neither using too few words in your explanations, or confusing the issue by using too many words. The word verbose means “using more words than necessary.” Someone who is verbose has either a tendency to talk too much, or to speak in long rambling sentences that take a long time to get to the point (or both!).

Example 1: I would prefer leaving Peter off of the invitation list for our monthly lunch; he’s so verbose that no one else gets a chance to speak.

Example 2: Alan hoped that his verbose answers to the essay questions would hide the fact that he knew very little of the material on the test.

Words can be used for many things: to inform, to intimidate, to create beauty, or just to have fun. The poets Edward Lear and Ogden Nash loved to play with words, creating whimsical poetry on many subjects. Here’s a poem by Ogden Nash:

The rhino is a homely beast,
For human eyes he’s not a feast.
Farwell, farewell, you old rhinoceros,
I’ll stare at something less prepoceros.
– Ogden Nash, 1933

Edward Lear was famous for his nonsense rhymes, limericks, and fantastical stories. He also wrote about a rhinoceros in “The Story of Four Little Children Who Went Round the World,” in which Violet, Slingsby, Guy, and Lionel meet mice who eat custard pudding, blue-bottle flies who eat oyster patties, crabs who wear mittens, and finally a friendly old rhinoceros who takes the children home, upon which the children have him killed and stuffed, and “set him up outside the door of their father’s house as a Diaphanous Doorscraper.” The word diaphanous means thin, transparent, or wispy – hardly a word that describes a huge solid animal! This playful and lighthearted use of words makes the words of Nash and Lear both strange and very enjoyable to read. Whimsical means playful, lighthearted, fun, and fantastical.

Example: Carolyn was known for the whimsical decorations she created every year for her children’s birthday parties.

Keep a sense of humor when you’re studying vocabulary, and have fun with language! You can read more poems by Ogden Nash here, and discover Edward Lear’s limericks here.